Explain The Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Church Religion Essay

Explain The Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Church Religion Essay INTRODUCTION In explaining the strengths and weaknesses of the early church and how they compare to the church today, I am going to look at a number of areas showing the strengths of the early church and the strengths of the church today. I will also look at the weaknesses of the early church and the church of today. While looking at these strengths and weaknesses of the church I will also make comparisons between the strengths and the weaknesses of the early church and the church in the 21st century. STRENGTHS OF THE EARLY CHURCH AND THE CHURCH TODAY Prayer is very important aspect of our day to day living as a church and as individuals. Prayer helps us understand that a critical decision made without asking God will not succeed. The early church understood this principle and never made a step or decision unless God said yes and because the disciples had been with Jesus and seeing the many times He isolated Himself to pray and also seeing the strength and power He gained after made believe and know that without prayer it was impossible to do anything. In Acts 12:1-18 Peter had been taken to prison by Herods soldiers and at this time the church knew what to do and who to consult concerning this issue meaning that the church earnestly prayed for Peters The early church prayed before preaching, travelling and appointing different people for ministry. The church today practices the same principle of prayer before making any decisions. The church today understands that if they dont pray and commit their plans in to the hands of God th ey will not succeed.  [1]   FOCUSED ON THE TRUTH The early church stood on the truth, they even told those who questioned them and persecuted them that they only obeyed God and not man. They church founded by the apostles understood what the truth was not only because they had an on pouring of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost but because they also had been with the Lord Jesus Christ throughout His ministry to the time He was crucified to the time He ascended to heaven. While the church today seems very reluctant concerning the truth, the church today tends to combine the truth of the word of God and science. FEARLESS The early church where not afraid to share the gospel at any time to anyone as the Holy Spirit led them. The early church where very bold, that they could even preach and minister before the Sanhedrin, the Pharisees and leaders of different regions who opposed the Good News. The church of today has a lot of fear especially when it comes to soul winning, we have the so called submarine Christians who afraid of what people will say about them, such that they cannot minister to a President or any person who leads a region. The church today allows the fears of being mocked and undermined to keep them from sharing the Good News. In the era of todays church there are few individuals who are fearless to minister to the lost. MARTYERDOM The early church where not afraid to die for Christ and most of where either stoned, or had their heads chopped of and others where crucified. The early church did not run away from those who wanted to kill them but they looked for an opportunity to minister salvation to their persecutors. The church today has a different situation all together. The church today has the right to share the gospel to anyone because the laws of the nations today allow people the right to practise their own faiths and religions. The church of today has more, freedom to live as Christians and even preach the Good News and they will not be killed, but there are some nations who still kill Christians today and everyday one more of these precious people of God are being martyred.  [2]   THE POWER OF GOD The power of God was always dominate in the lives the early church body. They depended on it for everything they did and because most of them where eyewitnesses of the life of Christ and seeing how Jesus was always full of the power of God in all that He said and did. There are interesting scenes in the Bible that tell us of how these powerful men and women of God were mightily used by the power of God. The power of God is dominate even in the church today but not in all the churches. There is less manifestation of the power of God and more of the flesh and man doing what he she thinks is right, God often taken out of the big picture which is causing a lot struggle between the power of God and enemy. WEAKNESSES OF THE EARLY CHURCH AND THE CHURCH TODAY DIVISIONS IN THE CHURCH The early church at first where very united but as time passed there was a lot of division in the church. The apostle Paul rebuked some of the brothers in the church telling that they should not divide themselves and say that I am for Paul and I am for Apollos but that they should remember that they belong to Christ. There is a lot of division in the church today because the only thing people talk about is I belong to pastor and another to pastor, even the very leaders of the churches today are divided. Most of the believers today despise and hate certain brothers and love certain brothers, but the Bible mentions that believers should practise favouritism. SEXUAL IMMORALITY Some the believers in the early church where committing having sex outside marriage and the apostle Paul sent a message or word of correction to them concerning this issue. Sexual immorality is very common in the church today and because our society encourages people to live together when they are not married,  [3]   this makes it very difficult to abstain from sex before marriage and because even the leaders of the church today also commit this type of sin it is hard for them to tell people not do it. FALSE APOSTLES Some people joined the early church and began to mislead many of the believers to go astray and return to their old practises. This issue caused a lot of tension even between the apostle Paul and Peter. Paul confuted Peter on the issue of being circumcised in order to be part of the body of Christ. Paul was against the spirit of gaining salvation through works he said because Jesus died on the cross and rose again and he took away all our sins not because of what we did, but because through the resurrection of our Lord Jesus we were saved. There are more false teachers and prophets who exist in the church today than in the early church. The body of believers today mostly want to hear what they want to hear even if its not true as long as its pleasing to the hear they believe it, this makes it hard to make distinction between a true prophet and a false unless one is mature and has the spirit of discernment. LOVE OF MONEY The believers in the early church shared their possessions and gave to all who were in need and because of this Godly practise no one was in need. Although everybody sold their properties in order to give their money to the needy, there were some people who were greedy and did not stick to their commitment and lied to the Holy Spirit, such people dropped dead in the presence of God before the whole church, thus the believers were committed in whatever they said they would for God and their fellow brethren. The church has a lot of selfish leaders and selfish members everyone has his or her own worries and they always want more very hesitant in giving in the church and giving to the poor.  [4]   CONCLUSION The strengths of the early church are more than their weaknesses. The early church practised some important morals that should be practised by the church of today. There was more commitment to Gods work than there is today, because the church today is often moved by physical surrounding than the spirit surrounding, forgetting that our fight is not against man but against the enemy. There is also a lot of greed in the church to than there was in the early church. The church today needs revival, they need to be winning souls for Christ.  [5]  

Developments in Migration Theory, Feminisation, Diaspora & Transnationalism, and Asylum as a Migration Flow

Abstract This research presents how the push-pull model of migration has been deflated by developments in migration theory.It discusses the concept of feminisation as a major trend in contemporary migration, caused by the dynamics of corporate globalisation. Diaspora and transnationalism are described as ‘two dance partners,’ explaining this metaphor within the prism of migration. Asylum is the chosen migration flow for this research, alongside considerations of how the analysis of global migration and its regulation becomes complicated. This research adopts the qualitative research design, which harmonises with the interpretive paradigm. An in-depth semi-structured interview is conducted with a Sierra Leonean migrant who sought asylum in the UK. The research concludes the presence of feminisation, the partnership of Diaspora and transnationalism, and the irrelevance of the push-pull model in the example of an asylum seeker as an interview participant. 1.Introduction According to de Haas (2008), one’s decision to migrate is influenced by a number of factors, including the area of destination; intervening variables (distance, immigration policies, etc.); and personal factors. Migration occurs within definite streams, from certain places of origin and destination (de Haas, 2008). Globalisation has created a channel for individuals to become increasingly mobile. Coupled with globalisation, the existence of skilled workers has tended to marginalise the less skilled, who encounter limitations on their permanent migration, thereby making it difficult for them to move from temporary to permanent work and obtain residence permits (Kofman, 2005). Emphasis on stratification within labour migration research can potentially tackle queries on the consequences that emerge from the manner of inclusion or exclusion of different groups from labour markets (Gabriel and Pellerin, 2008). The growing social differentiation of migration is seen amongst skilled Mexicans, considered as the new ‘high tech braceros’ (Smith and Favell, 2006: 24) that utilise a variety of visa channels to work in the US economy. Smith and Favell (2006) bring forward the evidence that the migration movement is more than about ‘brain drain’, as brain circulation, which underp ins new forms of global competition, is being encouraged.1.1 Aims and objectivesThis brief aims to discuss how the limitations of the individualistic ‘push-pull’ model are overcome by developments in migration theory. It also explains the reasons for the feminisation trend identified by Castles and Miller (2009). Along with these two topics are the attempt to describe what Faist (2010b) means by the metaphor ‘two awkward dance partners’ to describe Diaspora and transnationalism, and whether he is right. Moreover, this research explains how asylum complicates the analysis of global migration and their regulation. The objectives are the following: To review the extant literature on the developments in migration theory, feminisation in migration, Diaspora and transnationalism, and asylum in the midst of global migration To conduct an interview on the subject of asylum and link it to migration concept 2. Literature Review2. 1 The ‘push-pull’ model of migrationThe push-pull model allows the assumption that migration decisions are motivated by economic, environmental, and demographic reasons. The pushes and pulls in migration are created by either rural population growth or economic conditions. The first applies a Malthusian principle that such migration is due to pressures on natural and agricultural resources. The second, on the other hand, pushes people to be lured into cities and industrialised countries (de Haas, 2008). At first, the push-pull model seems to integrate all the factors that contribute to migration decision-making because of its seeming propensity to incorporate other theoretical ideas. However, dubious insights have come to forward the insight of whether the push-pull model offers much analytical use, and whether it can qualify as a theory at all. A more problematic view is its tendency to puzzle various (individual and global) scales of analysis and not to allow designating relative weights to the various factors impacting migration decisions. The model also tends to overlook the internal stratification and heterogeneous character of societies and is instead likely to work out on the individual level. There are therefore certain limitations posed by the push-pull model in the analysis of migration (de Haas, 2008). The triviality and limitation of the model is mirrored in the relativity of migration pressure. Finding a better environment or less population pressure are not the typical reasons why people move, but due to their expectation of a more satisfying living elsewhere (de Haas, 2008). The transnational approach to migration is one of those that attempt to overcome the limitations embodied in the push-pull model. The transnational community creates social bonds that allow migrants to tend to remit considerable amounts of money to their relatives, contrary to the push-pull model. The often transnational identity characters of migrants provide a huge explanation for the usual maintenance of bonds with communities of origin, as well as the creation of trans-local and transnational social links (de Haas, 2008). In support of de Haas, Amelina and Faist (2012) describe the transnational approach as one that discards the nation-state as the only source of empirical analysis – which is also posited by Faist (2000) and Portes (2000). Methodological transnationalism, which is constructed by Amelina and Faist, covers a range of research methods that complement current epistemological approaches to the link between space and social mobility. Linked to this are migrant’s investments and entrepreneurship (as a way in which they pursue a wide range of transnational economic activities), which is an important concern of policy makers (Olesen, 2003). As migration can be understood through interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary viewpoints, developments in migration theory such as those by Castles and Miller (2009) fully describe this view, which only suggests an attempt to overcome the limitations of the ‘push-pull’ model2.2 Feminisation as a major trend in contemporary migra tionFeminisation as a major trend in contemporary migration is seen in the example of Indonesia and Sri Lanka, which obtained the labour market for domestic workers, thereby spurring the feminisation of migration in the Gulf region. Female migrants are found in such fields as medical/health, sales, hospitality, and maintenance. The largest number of women migrants is in domestic work (Asis, 2005; Mateos, 2005). According to Asis (2005), Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Philippines deploy female workers annually at 62-75 per cent; and deployment is associated with feminisation of migration. There are circumstances that feminisation of migration would broaden to include other countries, as illustrated by the example of Thai women migrants who may face underrepresentation in legal migration, but are predominant in terms of irregular migration (Asis, 2005). It may be seen based on Asis’ (2005) discussion that the wider significance of feminisation as a major trend in contemporary migration is driven by labour migration. Piper (2013), on the other hand, surmised that the relevance of gender is found in most aspects of migration. Feminisation has been acknowledged as one of the major issues of current migration streams, as noted by academic studies since the 80s. Piper cited the reason for this: improvement in statistical visibility, increased women participation in most migration flows, increased failure of men to seek full-time jobs in their countries of origin, and an increasing demand for female employment in destination countries. In support to this, Engle (2004) claims that foreign women are tremendously regarded as commodities and carriers of service. If in the past, the movement of women was often due to family reunification or dependent on a male migrant; today, such movement features them as main migrants in their own right, generally as low-wage earners, where the dynamics of corporate globalisation are the ones directing female employment. The wider significance of this feminisation trend for understanding migration is that it plays an important role in the institutionalisation of corporate globalisation in the process of migration, which offers further understanding of migration.2.3 Diaspora and transnationalism as two awkward dance partnersDiaspora and transnationalism are described by Faist (2010b) as ‘two awkward dance partners’ that function as prominent research lenses for seeing the upshot of international migration. Albeit both ‘globalisation’ and ‘multiculturalism’ describe cross-border processes, the concept of Diaspora has often denoted national or religious groupings of people that live outside an imagined native land. Transnationalism, on the other hand, is used narrowly (to describe the strong ties amongst migrants) and widely (to depict communities and social formations) (Faist, 2010b). Why Diaspora and transnationalism are two awkward dance partners is because of the discussion below: Transnational social spaces, which are depicted in transnationalism, describe migrants’ daily practices as they engage in a range of activities, such as reciprocity and unity, political participation in both countries of emigration and immigration, and migrants’ small-scale entrepreneurship, to name some. Transnationalism is not broadly used compared to Diaspora and is not as politicised, but it is entangled with political connotations. Despite the indicated presence of ideology in the ‘ism’ in transnationalism, the adherents of this ideology is not apparent. Moreover, discussions on immigrants’ integration have been sparked by transnationalism ever since transnationalism was introduced to migration studies (Faist, 2010a). It has been made clear that both Diaspora and transnationalism cannot be taken apart in any way since doing so would mean neglecting the panoply of constantly overlapping definitions. Diaspora faced an absolute increase in applications and interpretations and these characteristics sum up most of its definitions. The first pertains to the causes of migration. Forced dispersal has been affixed to the older notions, which can be traced from the experience of Jews. Newer notions, on the other hand, relate to any form of dispersal, such as trade dispersal. The second refers to homeland’s cross-border experiences with destination, as implied in older notions that indicate a revisit to an imagined homeland. Newer notion, on the other hand, replace revisit with dense and continuous connections across borders, which include countries of onward migration, thereby highlighting lateral ties. Thus, Diaspora can be referred to include ethnic and religious groups/communities. Lastly, the th ird characteristic suggests the â€Å"integration of migrants and/or minorities into the countries of settlement† (Faist, 2010b: 13). It may be inferred that based on these discussions, Faist is right in describing Diaspora and transnationalism as awkward dance partners.2.4 The Increasingly Differentiated Migration Flows Focused on AsylumThis section discusses the increasingly differentiated migration flows, focused on asylum migration. According to Lasailly-Jacob (2010), policies on asylum have been the main focus of academic research and public debates. The point of view of the host countries has been given much attention, with particular emphasis on the foresights of the receiving ones who manage the effects of population movements in their country. Doomernik and Jandl (2008) observe that a tough policy on asylum migration has been undertaken to balance global recruitment strategies. Whether a strong asylum policy only intends to mask an increasing volume of immigration is open to interpretation. Published reports indicate refused asylum applications alongside approximately 60,000 deportation targets. The European Union (EU) compromises certain democratic norms in dealing with neighbouring counties like Libya or Ukraine to adopt migration activities. Questions that arise include proper access to asylum, protection from persecution, and detention conditions. Physical safety has been used as a prism for greater cooperation to regulate the flow of asylum seekers across countries. Common legally binding policy – in relation to asylum and policing – has been undertaken (Charmie and Powers, 2008). Both asylum and immigration policies face the issues of visas, family unification, social integration, equal treatment and inclusivity, and admission criteria, to name a few (Peers and Rogers, 2006). 3. Research Methodology3.1 Research Design: QualitativeThe specific research design for this study is qualitative, which is defined as â€Å"multi-method in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter† (Denzin and Lincoln, 2011: 5). This indicates that qualitative research undertakes investigations in natural settings, whereby people attempt to interpret phenomena based on the meanings brought to them. Some of the empirical materials used in qualitative studies are interviews, case studies, visual texts, and focus groups, to name a few. The justification for using the qualitative design for this research is its direction to present the research questions involving migration, which cannot be adequately discussed if a quantitative or a mixed method design is applied.3.2 Research Paradigm: InterpretiveSince this research pursues the qualitative design, it hence correspondingly employs an interpretive paradigm. This paradigm states that people con tinuously produce social constructions from the world around them. The ultimate purpose of interpretive paradigm is to understand the experiences of people as the study takes place in natural settings (Chilisa and Preece, 2005). On the point of view of interpretivism, knowledge is subjective because of its nature to create social constructions. This is differentiated from the positivist paradigm, which is based on measurement and quantification (Cohen, Manion, and Morrison, 2011).3.3 Data CollectionBoth primary and secondary data collection methods are applied to this research to address the research questions. Primary data are those collected afresh for the specific use of the researcher and are therefore original (Mooi and Sarstedt, 2011). Examples of these are survey data, interview data, observation data, field notes, etc. Secondary data, on the other hand, are those already collected by someone else for their own purpose, which is being used again by another (Kothari, 2004). Ex amples of these are data from books, journal articles, corporate reports, online data, and the like. This current research employs interview data as well as data from books and academic journals. The interview thus conducted is in-depth and semi-structured, involving an asylum seeker from Sierra Leone. 4. Presentation and Analysis of Results According to the interview participant, the civil war in her homeland caused her to come to the UK in 2002. Her purpose of migration was to obtain safety from the war and to have a better chance of good education. This is coherent with the notion of forced dispersal embodying the concept of Diaspora (Faist, 2010a; Faist, 2010b). There was a strong belief from the participant that Britain is more accommodating towards asylum seekers than other countries, as she was reminded that Sierra Leone was once a colony of Britain. The presence of a strong Sierra Leone community in Britain, to which she is able to identify and rely strongly, also served as a reason for her search for asylum in the country. Physical safety is the reason for her search for asylum, which the literature also claims as the prism that precipitates greater cooperation to regulate the flow of asylum seekers (e.g. Charmie and Powers, 2008). Apparently, the push-pull model does not harmonise with the participant’ s situation because of the model’s focus on the individual level and its propensity to overlook the internal stratification and heterogeneous character of societies (e.g. de Haas, 2008). The participant states that despite her strong Sierra Leone culture, there were changes in her priorities along the way. She claims that she goes home every year, communicates with her family via phone or Skype, and sends money to her people. This is congruent with de Haas’ (2008) description of the transnational community. The participant now sees the UK as her home because this is where she lives, works, and pays her taxes. The strong cultural ties and community spirit with her people is seen in the fact that if any Sierra Leonean is in difficulty, she participates (along with the others) in contributing money, buying food, or helping the person to take care of their children if they cannot. It may be suggested that within this community is a form of people’s cooperative union, showing Diaspora that includes ethnic and religious groups/communities as described by Faist (2010b), as well as an â€Å"imagined homeland† (Faist, 2010a). This also demonstrates how m igration systems link people in transnational communities, consequently resulting in a geographical clustering of migration streams (de Haas, 2008), as how the Sierra Leone community (where the participant belongs) is formed. Having lived in the UK for quite a long time, the participant appreciates the idea of the multicultural community, coupled with friends of different nationalities who are generally more accepting. Faist (2010b) calls such integration into the country of settlement ‘Diaspora’. According to the participant, some countries do not apply equal opportunities, fairness, and human rights as they do in the UK. Amongst those she appreciates the most in the UK are free education, respect for human rights, safety and security, a feeling of independence, and economic and political stability. She says that this is unlike the civil war, corruption, and lack of economic growth in Sierra Leone. However, she stresses the importance of having family members around, since being alone can be isolating. Despite having lived in the UK for a long time, she claims that the Sierra Leonean culture has influenced her character more than the British culture. The notion of transnationalism is seen i n this context, specifically transnational social spaces, such as reciprocity and unity in both countries of emigration and immigration (Faist, 2010a). Her country of origin benefits from her living in the UK by working with the Red Cross as a way to give back to the country that rescued her from persecution in her homeland. The war in Sierra Leone created an avenue for her to come to the UK and pursue her goals, including education, which is valued in her family as a means to sustain financial and social statuses. Amelina and Faist (2012) describe this in their ‘methodological transnationalism’ as a development that takes place between space and social mobility. It must be noted that the concept of feminisation (e.g. Piper, 2013; Engle, 2004; Asis, 2005) may also be applied to this example, as the asylum seeker is a woman who was eventually able to integrate to the UK society as a student and a worker. It has been forwarded that the relevance of gender can be seen in most aspects of migration (including asylum) (Piper, 2013), to which the participant’s situation is applicable. 3. Evaluation and Conclusion 3.1 Evaluation The participant in the study demonstrates the irrelevance of the push-pull model of migration to the stream of migration. Rather, the transnational approach reveals a more applicable position to the situation, as shown by the social bonds thus created amongst Sierra Leoneans and with other UK residents, and the tendency of the participant to remit some money to her family and friends way back in her country (e.g. de Haas, 2008; Amelina and Faist, 2012). Albeit faminisation is not the major issue in the interview, it can be surmised that its essence is nonetheless existent since the asylum seeker eventually became a worker in the UK, and her deployment may be associated with feminisation of migration (Asis, 2005). Diaspora is evident in the groups of Sierra Leonean people who live outside an imagined native land (e.g. Faist, 2010b). Transnationalism, on the other hand, is seen in the description of the migrants’ strong ties and social formations (e.g. Faist, 2010a; Faist, 2010b). Thus, the partnership between Diaspora and transnationalism is relevant to the migrant as an asylum seeker. Moreover, regulation processes create and mould migration flows, which are involved in labour market segmentation insofar as polices are supported by gendered and classed postulations. Legal channels are concluded to have opened up due to the upsurge of irregular migration, including asylum. 3.2 ConclusionThis research deals with the developments in migration theory and how these developments addressed the limitations of the push-pull model. It explains feminisation as a major trend in contemporary migration, as well as the metaphor that Diaspora and transnationalism are ‘two awkward dance partners’. Further, it focuses on asylum and how it complicates the analysis of global migration and their regulation. Developments in migration theory have caused an attempt for the surmounting of the limitations of the ‘push-pull’ model, an individual choice and equilibrium model. The relativity of migration pressure shows the triviality of the model. The transnational approach deals with this triviality and limitations, whereby it rejects the nation-state as the sole basis of empirical analysis. Feminisation, on the other hand, is seen as a major trend in contemporary migration, as evidenced by the proliferation of women workers in the fields of medical/health, sales, hospitality, and maintenance. Labour migration drives the occurrence of feminisation as a major trend in contemporary migration. Gendered norms also mediate the way migrants perform their roles in the migration process. There are prevailing stereotyped assumptions amongst labour recruiters set at the heart of the feminisation of migration, offering both demand and opportunities for female workers. Through migration systems, people, families and communities are linked in transnational communities, and it consequently leads to an orderly geographical arrangement and clustering of migration streams, just as the participant in the study seems to depict. The concept of Diaspora denotes national or religious groupings of people that live outside an imagined native land. Transnationalism is used to explain the strong ties that prevail amongst migrants as well as to describe communities and social formations. A balance between tough policy on asylum migration and global recruitment processes has been established in migration process. Physical safety has been the precipitating prism for regulating the stream of asylum seekers across countries, which is the same reason for asylum seeking by the participant in the study. Bibliography Amelina, A. and Faist, T. (2012) De-naturalizing the National in Research Methodologies: Key Concepts of Transnational Studies in Migration. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35 (10): 1707-1724. Asis, M. M. B. (2005) Recent Trends in International Migration in Asia and the Pacific. Asia Pacific Population Journal, 20 (3): 15-38. Castle, S & Miller, R. (2009) The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. Fourth Edition. New York: Macmillan. Charmie, J. and Powers, M. G. (2008) International Migration and Development: Continuing the Dialogue: Legal and Policy Perspectives. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Chilisa, B. and Preece, J. (2005) Research Methods for Adult Educators in Africa. NY: Pearson Education. Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2011) Research Methods in Education. Seventh Edition. Oxon: Routledge. de Haas, H. (2008) Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective. Paper 9. Working Papers. Oxford: International Migration Institute, James 21st Century School, University of Oxford. Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y. S. (2011) The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications, Inc. Doomernik, J. and Jandl, M. (2008) Modes of Migration Regulation and Control in Europe. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Engle, L. B. (2004) The World in Motion: Short Essays on Migration and Gender. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Faist, T. (2000a) The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Social Spaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Faist, T. (2010b) Diaspora and transnationalism: What kind of dance partnersR. Baubock & T. Faist (Eds.) Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods (pp. 9-34). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Gabriel, C. and Pellerin, H. (2008) Governing International Labour Migration: Current Issues, Challenges and Dilemmas. Oxon: Routledge. Kofman, E. (2005) Citizenship, Migration, and the Reassertion of National Identity. Citizenship Studies, 9 (5): 453-467. Kothari, C. R. (2004) Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. Second Edition. Delhi: New Age International. Lasailly-Jacob, V. (2010) â€Å"Forced migration in Africa: A new but overlooked category of refugees†. In C. Audebert and M. K. Morai (Eds.) Migration in a Globalised World: New Research Issues and Prospects. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Mateos, N. R. (2005) The Mediterranean in the Age of Globalization: Migration, Welfare, and Borders. NJ: Transaction Publishers. Mooi, E. and Sarstedt, M. (2011) A Concise Guide to Market Research: The Process, Data, and Methods Using IBM SPSS Statistics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Olesen, H. (2003) ‘Migration, Return, and Development: An Institutional Perspective’. In N. V. Hear and N. N. Sorensen (Eds.) Geneva: The Migration Development Nexus. Peers, S. and Rogers, N. (2006) EU Immigration and Asylum Law: Text and Commentary. The Netherlands: Konikliije Brill NV, Leiden. Piper, N. (2013) New Perspectives on Gender and Migration: Livelihood, Rights and Entitlements. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Oxon: Routledge. Portes, A. (2000) ‘Globalization from below: The rise of transnational communities. In D. Kalb et al. (Eds.). The End of Globalization: Bringing Society Back in. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 253-270. Smith, M. P. and Favell, A. (2006) The Human Face of Mobile Mobility: International Highly Skilled Migration in Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

Presidential Debate Essay - 581 Words

Presidential Debate Another four years another presidential debate. Before I go on to the current debates let me state a few facts about past ones. The Lincoln and Douglas debate was in important because it started Lincoln presidential career. The Debates lasted from August 21 -- October 15. There where seven of them, with two days to two weeks in between. Each debate lasted three hours; first candidate spoke for one hour; the second for one and a half hours; the first replying for a half hour. Candidates alternated going first. The topics involved where primarily slavery and the Union. Other important debates were the 48 and 57. They were the only debates before 1960; there were no presidential debates between 1960 and 1976. In†¦show more content†¦Its a school of strong discipline a high standards. Its one of the best schools in Houston. Thats my vision for public education all around America.(Governor Bush) Bush also wants to change Head Start to a reading program and also he wants people to access reading money if they want to. Bush wants more kids to learn how to read and have more teach-for-the-children type teachers. Bush only cares for the children. Gore on the other hand agrees with only a couple of things that Bush stated. He strongly supports accountability; he also supports local control. Bush and Gore agree on both. Gore thinks every teacher should be tested including in the subjects that they teach. He also thinks that 100,000 new teachers should be recruited to reduce class size. The main reason for that is because a man gave him a letter from his daughter. The girl is the 36th student in her class; the picture attached showed that there was no room for one desk so she had to stand. He also wants to make college tax deductible (up to $10,000 a year). 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This year, although we had numerous candidates, the only two that were allowed to participate in the debatesRead MoreThe Presidential Debate At Longwood University Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vice Presidential debate, held at Longwood University on October 4th, was between the Democratic candidate, U.S. Senator Tim Kaine, and Republican candidate, Indiana Governor Mike Pence. Specific issues were asked about by the moderator, Elaine Quijano, such as specific qualities of the candidates that would make them good leaders if tragedy were to occur. However, the candidates used much of their allotted time to target the opposing presidential candidate and would then interrupt their opponent

Expanding Funding For Alternatives For Incarceration Essay

Expanding Funding for Alternatives to Incarceration Many individuals in prison have mental health and addiction problems. The only way they can be helped is by our system offering lower-cost alternatives to incarceration to address the problem which led them to criminal activity. Studies have indicated that only 10% or fewer inmates received mental health care while incarcerated which in turn is costly and ineffective. Studies have shown it cost $1.8 billion to house mentally ill offenders whom return quickly to the correctional system because these systems lack aftercare planning and communities lack sufficient services to meet their needs. If correctional staff and programs in the community could expand services as well as provide better coordination then it could help stabilize mentally ill offenders in the community, cut down criminal activity and prevent the return to jail or prison. The more often an individual is incarcerated the more likely they are a substance abuser. Once the person is release from a lengthy sentence with no skills to address the addiction, it’s actually the same skills they had when entering the system. Its clear treatment is more effective because it has been proven that individuals will less likely be arrested, less likely to use drugs again as well as being more effective in reducing drug-related crime than incarceration (Reducing Recidivism by Expanding Funding for Alternatives to Incarceration, 2011). Community service The best alternativeShow MoreRelatedIllegal Substance Abuse And Addiction1196 Words   |  5 PagesAbuse determined the annual cost of drug addiction in the United States exceeds $600 billion. Unfortunately, for every dollar that goes towards combating abuse, only two cents of that goes towards treatment. The rest goes towards the cost of incarceration, hospital care, and the criminal court system (Drug Abuse Is Soaring, But Addiction Treatment Is Hard to Find). Based on the 2013 survey conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), roughly 25 millionRead MoreThe Modern Prison System And The American Government System1530 Words   |  7 Pagesother causing disparity in the way places are run and which programs are truly helpful in getting people back into society successfully. However the big reason why the System is so flawed is because prisons systems are simply not getting the proper funding the need in order to not only house inmates safely, but to help rehabilitate them so when they get out of prison, they are helpful to society as a whole instead of returning to their previous lifestyle of crime and deviance. When asked about theRead MoreThe Punitive And Rehabilitative Approach As An Indispensable Part Of The Criminal Justice Reform Issue3487 Words   |  14 PagesOverview Offender incarceration is an indispensable part of the criminal justice reform issue. This paper contrasts the punitive and rehabilitative approach as two central areas of offender incarceration. The contemporary society presents individuals with divergent viewpoints on methods of dealing with offenders. A section of the public believes that offender incarceration is not an effective method of dealing with offenders. Most offenders from prison end up engaging in criminal activities and findRead MoreDiane Feinstein s Life For Serving The People Of California Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesthe  League of California Cities, the William Penn Mott Jr. Park Leadership Award from National Parks Conservation Association, the Outstanding Member of the U.S. Senate Award from the National Narcotic Officers Associations Coalition, and the Funding Hero Award from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. Interview 1. Discrimination in health insurance coverage for mental health and substance abuse continues to exist and many individuals with mental health disorders or in long-term recovery fromRead MoreThe Disproportionate Number of African-American Males Incarcerated Within the United States2992 Words   |  12 Pageswill explore the mass incarceration of African-American men. The paper will look into the prevalence, causes, consequences, and offer solutions to this crisis. Specifically, seeking to find what factors have created such high levels of criminal justice control for African-American males, and explore the impact on the family and community. Incarceration is immense in the United States. Since the 1980s, the United States has experienced a massive increase in incarceration. The overall rate hasRead MorePrison Reform Topic Paper : Prisons6604 Words   |  27 Pageshave increased at all levels (Kendrick, 2011). Our incarceration rates are five to ten times higher than the rates in other industrialized nations (Chemerinsky, 2008). The US is in the middle of an unique prison crisis. Prisoners are not popular topic politically and generally prisoners have little political power. Many felons are permanently disenfranchised. There is no political constituency with the clout to pressure for sufficient funding for prison facilities or prison services (ChemerinskyRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration During The Age Of Colorblindness By Michelle Alexander3956 Words   |  16 Pageshistory of Jim Crow is a story of white power, but it is also a story of black survival and resilience. The Jim Crow era lasted nearly a century because of the federal government and there is still work to be done today. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, by Michelle Alexander, is a book about the discrimination of African Americans in today s society. One of Alexander s main points is the War on Drugs and how young African American males are targeted and arrestedRead MoreCritical Issues in the American Criminal Justice System - Sentencing Decisions and the Death Penalty4477 Words   |  18 Pagesinformation has been gathered from the FBI Uniform Crime Report, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, Amnesty International, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, and other scholarly works. Amongst the information given here are the detrimental effects of under-funding in the correctional system, the link between overcrowding and recidivism, the relationship between overcrowding and inmate violence, the ancient and moral foundation of many punishment philosophies, and the shocking number of crimes committed eachRead MoreCentral America S Child Migrants : A Humanitarian Crisis2820 Words   |  12 Pagesgovernments,† in an attempt to safeguard corporate and state interest (Harvest of Empire, 2012). American foreign policy has severely weakened Central American government and social institutions. Moreover, the U.S. has been directly involved through funding, training, or covert operations, in every civil war in the region. This drove th e first wave of Central American immigration to the United States, which would end up creating more problems in the future. Drugs, Corruption, and Gangs: The powerRead MoreEffects of the Affordable Care Act on Behavioral Health in the United States2600 Words   |  10 Pages(Bainbridge, 5)Under the ACA these Americans now have access to behavioral health treatment, in the 26 states that have agreed to expand Medicaid. Due to the large expansion of Medicaid the source of funding for substance abuse and mental disorders will change. Before the ACA much of the funding for substance abuse and mental disorder came from approximately 1.7 billion dollars in federal government block grants. (Bainbridge, 5)With the expansion of Medicaid these block grants are expected to